Close to Hyde Park are smaller Royal Parks, Green Park and St. James's Park. [227] The table to the right shows the most common countries of birth of London residents. [187] There was also a previous spell of 15 consecutive days above 32.2 °C (90.0 °F) in 1976 which also caused many heat related deaths. In writing, "London" is, on occasion, colloquially contracted to "LDN". [8][9] The city stands on the River Thames in the south-east of England, at the head of its 50-mile (80 km) estuary leading to the North Sea. Quant à l'importance relative des économies d'agglomération et des externalités de réseaux urbains, c'est-à-dire des économies apportées par la connexion d'une métropole avec d'autres villes, on n'en sait encore trop rien. There have been 50 murders from the start of 2018 to mid April 2018. L’agglomération en compte elle, plus de 12 000 000. [433], This article is about the capital city. [87] [165] London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed officially—by statute or in written form. New York, une des deux gagnantes, a offert plusieurs milliards. [373] The United Kingdom's Royal Ballet, English National Ballet, Royal Opera, and English National Opera are based in London and perform at the Royal Opera House, the London Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre, and the Royal Albert Hall, as well as touring the country.[374]. With a few exceptions, motorists are required to pay to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of central London. In April 2014, the city was among the first to receive a geoTLD. [378] The Boishakhi Mela is a Bengali New Year festival celebrated by the British Bangladeshi community. At Kew, the most rainfall in one month is 7.4 inches (189 mm) in November 1755 and the least is 0 inches (0 mm) in both December 1788 and July 1800. La superficie de Londres : 1 572 km2 intra-muros. [386] The national gallery of British art is at Tate Britain, originally established as an annexe of the National Gallery in 1897. Both are controlled by the City of London Corporation. Le modèle qui porte son nom n'a plus qu'un intérêt historique tellement ses hypothèses sont simplificatrices. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. [208] The surrounding East London area saw much of London's early industrial development; now, brownfield sites throughout the area are being redeveloped as part of the Thames Gateway including the London Riverside and Lower Lea Valley, which was developed into the Olympic Park for the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics. Cette mobilité contribue d'ailleurs au troisième type d'économies d'agglomération : la présence et la circulation des idées. It is also the world's biggest currency trading centre, accounting for some 37 per cent of the $5.1 trillion average daily volume, according to the BIS. [164] The area of Greater London includes areas that are part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. Où partir en 2020 pour trouver le soleil ? The mayor since 2016 has been Sadiq Khan, the first Muslim mayor of a major Western capital. [285], The gas and electricity distribution networks that manage and operate the towers, cables and pressure systems that deliver energy to consumers across the city are managed by National Grid plc, SGN[286] and UK Power Networks. Londinium was founded by the Romans. In the view of Frank Stenton: "It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital. Imaginez d'un côté des villes qui offrent des services publics locaux financés par une taxe forfaitaire et d'un autre côté des personnes aux préférences hétérogènes (en matière de services publics et de capacités différentes à payer les taxes) qui choisissent leur lieu de résidence. These urban foxes are noticeably bolder than their country cousins, sharing the pavement with pedestrians and raising cubs in people's backyards. [143] There are 73 members of Parliament (MPs) from London, elected from local parliamentary constituencies in the national Parliament. Une étude économétrique de l'OCDE permet d'estimer les conséquences de cette fragmentation. "[69][70], After winning the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy was crowned King of England in the newly completed Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. [citation needed], London's coach hub is based at Victoria Coach Station. On peut ainsi apprendre que, parmi les plus grandes métropoles européennes et étatsuniennes, Paris est première en taux de chômage (on s'en passerait), seconde en produit intérieur brut par habitant, troisième en qualité des infrastructures, quatrième par l'investissement étranger, cinquième en taux de croissance des activités commerciales. [242] Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that, in 2010[update], London's foreign-born population was 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up from 1,630,000 in 1997. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect,[192] making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts. [273][274] London took over as a major financial centre shortly after 1795 when the Dutch Republic collapsed before the Napoleonic armies. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of around 60,000. Over 7 million residents in 2001", "Focus on London – Population and Migration | London DataStore", "Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "West End Must Innovate to Renovate, Says Report", "UK's oldest hand-written document 'at Roman London dig, "First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall", "British History Timeline —Roman Britain", "A History of British Architecture — White Tower", "UK Parliament — Parliament: The building", "A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665", "London After the Great Fire: Civil War and Revolution", "National Affairs: Capital punishment: a fading practice", "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life: Samuel Johnson", "Hidden extras: cholera comes to Victorian London", "Bomb-Damage Maps Reveal London's World War II Devastation", "1951: King George opens Festival of Britain", "Swinging Sixties: Take a walk down Chelsea's King's Road in the '60s", "Timeline – Worst IRA bomb attacks on mainland Britain", "How Britain's history with the IRA made it resilient to attacks", "London's population hits 8.6m record high", "Canary Wharf timeline: from the Thatcher years to Qatari control", "The Thames Barrier has saved London – but is it time for TB2? [239], 15.6 per cent of London's population are of Black and mixed-Black descent. [28] It is one of the largest financial centres[29] and has either the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP. It is the only synagogue in Europe which has held regular services continuously for over 300 years. The Royal Albert Hall hosts concerts and musical events. For most purposes this was Westminster, although the royal treasury, having been moved from Winchester, came to rest in the Tower. L'étude de l'OCDE déjà citée montre que la présence d'une autre métropole à moins de 300 kilomètres se traduit par une plus forte productivité. [53], Modern scientific analyses of the name must account for the origins of the different forms found in early sources: Latin (usually Londinium), Old English (usually Lunden), and Welsh (usually Llundein), with reference to the known developments over time of sounds in those different languages. A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. [137], The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London. London was instrumental in the development of punk music,[391] with figures such as the Sex Pistols, The Clash,[390] and Vivienne Westwood all based in the city. Although London and the British Isles have a reputation of frequent rainfall, London's average of 602 millimetres (23.7 in) of precipitation annually actually makes it drier than the global average. Nevertheless, there are a number of tall skyscrapers in central London (see Tall buildings in London), including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the United Kingdom. Three are recorded; those in 851 and 886 succeeded, while the last, in 994, was rebuffed. [194][better source needed] The absence of heavy winter rainfall leads to many climates around the Mediterranean having more annual precipitation than London. Comme le suggèremalicieusement Pierre Veltz, un ingénieur-géographe, la cité corsaire, aux yeux de cadres chinois en visite à Paris, ferait d'ailleurs partie de la capitale, au même titre que le Mont-Saint-Michel éloigné de quelques dizaines de kilomètres. La distance qui relie Londres et Paris est plus grande et une frontière les sépare. [148] The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services. Des grands... Avec ses pubs de quartier, ses restos de cuisine du monde... Londres est considérée comme l’une des villes les plus chères au... Entre les quartiers huppés de Chelsea et de Kensington, le paisible... Été 2015 : les meilleurs rooftops de Londres ! Il est plus facile pour une famille parisienne de déménager à Nantes qu'à Liverpool ou pour une PME d'implanter une seconde usine dans son propre pays. Ils ne sont cependant pas toujours les bienvenus car leur concentration est une des causes de l'augmentation du prix des logements urbains et de la gentrification des quartiers. [287], London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and in 2015 was ranked as the most visited city in the world with over 65 million visits. London is a major centre for television production, with studios including BBC Television Centre, The Fountain Studios and The London Studios. (2009) Densité 21 196 hab./km2 O - … [244] Estimates produced by the Office for National Statistics indicate that the five largest foreign-born groups living in London in the period July 2009 to June 2010 were those born in India, Poland, the Republic of Ireland, Bangladesh and Nigeria.[245]. [425][426][427], London has two Test cricket grounds, Lord's (home of Middlesex C.C.C.) Lyon est depuis longtemps la seconde ville française. [126] On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, making London the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times. [283] In February 2014 London was ranked as the European City of the Future[284] in the 2014/15 list by FDi Magazine. [413], Other long distance paths, linking green spaces, have also been created, including the Capital Ring, the Green Chain Walk, London Outer Orbital Path ("Loop"), Jubilee Walkway, Lea Valley Walk, and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk. (1890) avait repéré trois types d'économies d'agglomération, catégories toujours pertinentes aujourd'hui. The McKinsey Global Institute study used a metropolitan area with a population of 14.9 million for London compared to 11.8 million for Paris, whilst the PricewaterhouseCoopers study used a metropolitan area with a population of 8.59 million for London compared to 9.92 million for Paris. London is a major international air transport hub with the busiest city airspace in the world. London has numerous museums, galleries, libraries and sporting events. Eight airports use the word London in their name, but most traffic passes through six of these. [280] The BBC is a significant employer, while other broadcasters also have headquarters around the city. Mile End also had 0 inches (0 mm) in April 1893. In 2003, the gardens were put on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. London is notorious for its traffic congestion; in 2009, the average speed of a car in the rush hour was recorded at 10.6 mph (17.1 km/h). Modern writers pervasively influenced by the city include Peter Ackroyd, author of a "biography" of London, and Iain Sinclair, who writes in the genre of psychogeography. La course est alors organisée pour qu'il rabaisse ses prétentions. Il est plus facile pour les individus de trouver un emploi et d'en changer et pour les entreprises de recruter les personnes dont elles ont besoin aussi bien en nombre qu'en qualification. [282], A growing number of technology companies are based in London notably in East London Tech City, also known as Silicon Roundabout. Toutes ne peuvent être la première ou dans le peloton de tête sur tel ou tel critère ou indicateur. Il s'agit très souvent de la, Partageons les informations économiques, recevez nos newsletters, Les tarifs du gaz vont bondir de 4,7% en octobre, Pour financer la relance, la France prévoit de lever 260 milliards de dette, Le pouvoir d'achat va (seulement) baisser de 0,5% en 2020, anticipe Bercy, La Matinale de l’Entrepreneur avec TV Finance, Bourse: Paris démarre fort ce lundi, à Francfort, Siemens Energy fait son entrée, La peur de la deuxième vague fait trembler les Bourses, Révélations de blanchiment : Deutsche Bank s'enfonce en Bourse, Coup de tonnerre, l'américain Teledyne jette officiellement l'éponge pour acquérir Photonis, Fusion Suez-Veolia: plus de 70 élus appellent à associer les territoires au débat. [59] This bridge either crossed the Thames or reached a now lost island in it. [334], London has a modern tram network, known as Tramlink, centred on Croydon in South London. Rainfall records have been kept in the city since at least 1697, when records began at Kew. [173][174], In 1974 a decade of work began on the construction of the Thames Barrier across the Thames at Woolwich to deal with this threat. Dans un autre ordre d'idée, 70% des étudiants de la London School of Economics sont étrangers (et rapportent 100 millions de recettes). En particulier pour les retombées des idées. [14], Greater London encompasses a total area of 1,583 square kilometres (611 sq mi), an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi). [241] In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000. London's largest industry is finance, and its financial exports make it a large contributor to the UK's balance of payments. New York, une des deux gagnantes, a offert plusieurs milliards. Tous droits réservés. [121], Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s. [171], Since the Victorian era the Thames has been extensively embanked, and many of its London tributaries now flow underground. Comme le soulignait Marshall, c'est comme si ces dernières flottaient dans l'air des métropoles et qu'il n'y avait plus qu'à s'en saisir. VUES, 7 723 During the 2003 European heat wave there were 14 consecutive days above 30 °C (86.0 °F) and 2 consecutive days when temperatures reached 38 °C (100 °F), leading to hundreds of heat-related deaths. [379], London has been the setting for many works of literature. [383] There are many other research libraries, including the Wellcome Library and Dana Centre, as well as university libraries, including the British Library of Political and Economic Science at LSE, the Central Library at Imperial, the Maughan Library at King's, and the Senate House Libraries at the University of London. [82], But the reach of English maritime enterprise hardly extended beyond the seas of north-west Europe. [210] The density of London varies, with high employment density in the central area and Canary Wharf, high residential densities in inner London, and lower densities in Outer London. A report by the McKinsey Global Institute published in 2012 estimated that London had a city GDP of US$751.8 billion in 2010, compared to US$764.2 billion for Paris, making them respectively the sixth and fifth-largest in the world. According to the 2011 Census, the largest religious groupings are Christians (48.4 per cent), followed by those of no religion (20.7 per cent), Muslims (12.4 per cent), no response (8.5 per cent), Hindus (5.0 per cent), Jews (1.8 per cent), Sikhs (1.5 per cent), Buddhists (1.0 per cent) and other (0.6 per cent). Simplement parce que les individus et les entreprises sont plus mobiles à l'intérieur des frontières. Over four million journeys are made every day on the Underground network, over 1 billion each year. The Queen's Merchants and the Revolt of the Netherlands: The End of the Antwerp Mart. [375] Europe's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street, a shopping street nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) long, making it the longest shopping street in the UK. Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in the whole of Europe, overtaking Ilford synagogue (also in London) in 1998. Some more informal, semi-natural open spaces also exist, including the 320-hectare (790-acre) Hampstead Heath of North London,[406] and Epping Forest, which covers 2,476 hectares (6,118 acres)[407] in the east. Nelson's Column is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square, one of the focal points of central London. Notable actors and filmmakers from London include; Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, Michael Caine, Helen Mirren, Gary Oldman, Christopher Nolan, Jude Law, Benedict Cumberbatch, Tom Hardy, Keira Knightley and Daniel Day-Lewis. Désormais, les métropoles se doivent en effet d'être, , qui classent les métropoles que le niveau de détail de l'information est proprement ahurissant. ", https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/mohippo/pdf/i/7/aug1911.pdf, "Search | Climate Data Online (CDO) | National Climatic Data Center (NCDC)", "The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates", "This Summer Is The Driest in 57 Years, Met Office Confirms", "Philip Eden: Longest drought for 2 years – weatheronline.co.uk", "London's Urban Heat Island: A Summary for Decision Makers", "Ever warmer as temperatures rival France", "Heathrow 1981–2010 mean maximum and minimum values", "Information on latest house prices in the Royal Borough", "Average house prices in London jump 19 percent in a year", "Wildlife in London, England: LNHS Home page". London's vast urban area is often described using a set of district names, such as Mayfair, Southwark, Wembley and Whitechapel. Bref, les classements ont créé une nouvelle épreuve dans le tournoi de la concurrence urbaine. Still, as of 2016[update] London tops the world rankings on the Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI),[275] and it ranked second in A.T. Kearney's 2018 Global Cities Index.[276]. Les villes européennes sortent, elles, progressivement du classement. On average each year, London experiences 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) every year. In particular the genres UK garage, drum and bass, dubstep and grime evolved in the city from the foreign genres of hip hop and reggae, alongside local drum and bass. COMMENTAIRES, Avec It was an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions which was formally agreed by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and the West Saxon king Alfred the Great in 886. Connaissez-vous la situation géographique de Londres ? Quoique désobligeant pour les compétiteurs, c'est assez bien imagé. There are more than 360 railway stations in the London Travelcard Zones on an extensive above-ground suburban railway network. London is also home to many specialist arts education institutions, including the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts, Central School of Ballet, LAMDA, London College of Contemporary Arts (LCCA), London Contemporary Dance School, National Centre for Circus Arts, RADA, Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance, the Royal College of Art and Trinity Laban. Plus d'informations ici. [330] There are plans for a second high speed line linking London to the Midlands, North West England, and Yorkshire. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647,[88] and they were levelled by Parliament the same year. While the City of Westminster developed into a true capital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre, and it flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. Centre Court at Wimbledon. Pensez aussi aux villes installées près des fleuves et des océans ou de ressources minières. [405] There are also parks administered by London's borough Councils, including Victoria Park in the East End and Battersea Park in the centre. En d'autres termes, le gain économique apporté par le doublement de la taille est effacé par le doublement de l'épaisseur du millefeuille. [128], In 2008, Time named London alongside New York City and Hong Kong as Nylonkong, hailing it as the world's three most influential global cities. "London's amphibians and reptile populations mapped". It is also a major centre for biomedical research, and three of the UK's eight academic health science centres are based in the city – Imperial College Healthcare, King's Health Partners and UCL Partners (the largest such centre in Europe). [317] It dates from 1863.[318]. Difficile de lire aussi dans l'évolution d'un classement ce qui relève de l'effet d'une politique publique locale. [344] The M25 is the second-longest ring-road motorway in Europe at 117 mi (188 km) long. Mais ne soyons pas (trop) hautains. Également bien sûr un niveau de pollution et d'encombrement acceptable. London's skyscrapers, such as 30 St Mary Axe, Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square, are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. [397][398] Primrose Hill, immediately to the north of Regent's Park, at 256 feet (78 m)[399] is a popular spot from which to view the city skyline. First played in 1877, the Championships is the oldest tennis tournament in the world. [144] The ministerial post of minister for London was created in 1994. Major studios within or bordering London include Twickenham, Ealing, Shepperton, Pinewood, Elstree and Borehamwood,[381] and a special effects and post-production community centred in Soho. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames,[140][141] which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea.
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