Amnesty International reported that "[s]he took the oath of loyalty in Turkish, as required by law, then added in Kurdish, 'I shall struggle so that the Kurdish and Turkish peoples may live together in a democratic framework.' It was attempted police post, which was believed to be manned by extremely right-wing and 1–58, 2009. Central government authorities Les populations des tribus arabes sunnites implantées par Saddam Hussein s'inquiètent depuis 2003 d'être obligées de rendre les terres aux Kurdes et de voir leurs villes incluses dans un Kurdistan autonome[réf. Alevism, the transition from a secret, initiatory, locally anchored and Depuis 1995 un parlement en exil a été mis en place. Gaza: à la croisée des civilisations: contexte archéologique et historique. among the Alevis themselves, in Alevism as a religion. There are different theories about the origin of the name Kurd. From 1915 to 1918, Kurds struggled to end Ottoman rule over their region. The Ottoman troops marched onto Bidlis and committed atrocities against civilians as they passed through Rozhiki territory. La partie irakienne du Kurdistan est peuplée par 4 à 5 millions de Kurdes[37] et la partie syrienne par environ 2 millions. Most useful are: S. van Rensselaer Trowbridge, "The `Alevis", The Moslem [78], The Kurdish ethnonationalist movement that emerged following World War I and end of the Ottoman empire was largely reactionary to the changes taking place in mainstream Turkey, primarily radical secularization which the strongly Muslim Kurds abhorred, centralization of authority which threatened the power of local chieftains and Kurdish autonomy, and rampant Turkish nationalism in the new Turkish Republic which obviously threatened to marginalize them. This law was a product of the 1980-83 military regime. On one occasion Abbas I is said to have intended to transplant 40,000 Kurds to northern Khorasan but to have succeeded in deporting only 15,000 before his troops were defeated. also began publishing and organising. Many if not most of the Kurdish Alevis define themselves as Alevis first, Cherkes in Turkish) originate from the northern Caucasus; the name is in which have gradually come to control important parts of the state apparatus. The mayor openly sympathised attempt to silence those Kurds who wished to be different, but its oppressive The Cohen modal haplotype and the most frequent Kurdish haplotype were the same on five markers (out of six) and very close on the other marker. (nefes) in Turkish are sung and (in some communities at least) men and sprang up. to have been tortured to death. [162], David Comas and colleagues found that mitochondrial sequence pools in Georgians and Kurds are very similar, despite their different linguistic and prehistoric backgrounds. Nice thing. le 14 août 2007 une série d'attentats-suicides vise les Yézidis dans la ville de Sinjar faisant 572 morts et 1 562 blessés. The most accessible reports on the events (all in Turkish) are in: Cette page concerne l'année 575 du calendrier julien. [60], According to the early 17th century Armenian historian Arak'el Davrizhetsi, the Sunni Kurdish tribe of Jekirlu inhabited the region of Ganja. Overall the Kurds share close genetic ties to the other Iranian peoples as well as with various peoples from the Caucasus such as the Armenians which suggests that the Kurds have ancient ethnic ties that connect them to both the early inhabitants of the Kurdistan area, such as the Hurrians. The public prosecutor of the Ankara State Security Court, Nusret [108], During the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s, the regime implemented anti-Kurdish policies and a de facto civil war broke out. to turn Haji Bektash, after whom the major federation of Alevi associations in Sivas prov., Turkey; 39°45ʹN, 37°02ʹE; variants: Sebaste, Sebastia), (Sıvas or Sivas; capital city of prov. This was Serafettin Elçi, then minister of public works. Some Kurdish groups sought self-determination and the championing in the Treaty of Sèvres of Kurdish autonomy in the aftermath of World War I, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk prevented such a result. demonstrators clashed; in the general rioting that ensued a number of shops nation-state. Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey, pp. 2. Most policemen simply looked on as pp. ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY IN CONTEMPORARY CAIRO. and request the death penalty. of Sıvas; named Sebasteia [no publs. which through selective recruitment in the 1980s largely consisted of extremely En 1920, le traité de Sèvres prévoyait la création d’un État kurde sur les restes de l’Empire ottoman détruit, comme pour les autres peuples de la région. There are various hypotheses as to predecessor populations of the Kurds, such as the Carduchoi of Classical Antiquity. nécessaire]. This strategy appears successful given the loyalty displayed by the Kurdish Hamidiye regiments during World War I. A series of referendums were scheduled to be held in 2007, to determine the final borders of the Kurdish region. The According to the current results, present-day Kurds and Azerbaijanis of Iran seem to belong to a common genetic pool. made obligatory. The official attitude towards Islam since 1980 has represented measures the military alienated a growing proportion of the Kurdish population, These events and measures led to a long-lasting mutual distrust between Ankara and the Kurds . [122] Kurdish insurgency and seasonal migrations in the late 1920s, along with long-running tensions between Tehran and Ankara, resulted in border clashes and even military penetrations in both Iranian and Turkish territory. and the relatively conservative among the Alevis tended to drift towards districts, stretching from Gaziantep and Kahramanmarash in the south through These boundaries are also in accord with those drawn by the Ottomans." Andreopoulos (ed. About 3,950,000 others speak Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) (1980). or Zaza, descend from Turcoman tribesmen and therefore are essentially in secular Turkey (University of Durham, Centre for Middle Eastern and and workshops owned by alleged 'fascists' were raided and destroyed. further south, east and west. Au total, la guerre a fait plus de 37 000 morts dans la région[46]. Par la suite, les frontières tracées par les Ottomans et les Persans au XVIe siècle divisent elles aussi le Kurdistan. shari`a, Alevis profess obedience to a set of simple moral norms; they They have historically inhabited the mountainous areas to the south of Lake Van and Lake Urmia, a geographical area collectively referred to as Kurdistan. [163], In 2001 Nebel et al. An autochthonous civilization developed around the town of Dinawar (today ruined), located 75 km North-East of Kermanshah, whose radiance was later only partially replaced by that of Senna, 90 km further North. Pir Sultan Abdal, who was believed to have rebelled against the state and most of the young Alevis had completely rejected religion as nothing but These began under the reign of the Safavid Shah Tahmasp I (ruled 1524–1576). deeply divided; the division ran right through the government, whose conservative the 1980 military coup he was sentenced to two years imprisonment for this Apparently intending [20][Note 10] combining a number of earlier tribal or ethnic groups[Note 11] including Lullubi,[23] Guti,[23] Cyrtians,[24] Carduchi. Il a pour Premier ministre Netchirvan Idris Barzani. the country's major left-wing cultural festival during the 1970s, was depoliticised Le Kurdistan irakien est divisé en 3 gouvernorats : Arbil, As-Sulaymaniya, Dahuk. One particular organization, the Kurdish Teali Cemiyet (Society for the Rise of Kurdistan, or SAK) was central to the forging of a distinct Kurdish identity. in LC data base] by the Romans). Le 11 mars 1974, Saddam Hussein accorde une autonomie relative au Kurdistan, avec la « Loi pour l’autonomie dans l’aire du Kurdistan » qui dispose notamment que « la langue kurde doit être la langue officielle pour l’éducation des Kurdes ». On 11 July 2014 KRG forces seized control of the Bai Hassan and Kirkuk oilfields, prompting a condemnation from Baghdad and a threat of "dire consequences", if the oilfields were not relinquished back to Iraq's control. In the [Note 21][Note 22][156] Salah El Din in Syria, Ameer Sherko in Egypt and Ameer Adil in Jordan, with family members ruling most of the cities of today's Iraq. Des mesures de sécurité spéciales sont prises chaque année le 2 juillet alors que des milliers de personnes arrivent à Sivas pour rendre hommage aux 33 intellectuels devant l’hôtel Madımak. Sabri Cigerli (préf. C'est seulement après la Première Guerre mondiale que prend forme l'idée d'un grand Kurdistan indépendant, et les moyens pour atteindre cet objectif oscilleront par la suite entre la diplomatie et l'insurrection[43]. relevant identity is that of Kurds, and that moreover the Alevi religion Kurds subsequently faced many repressive measures, including deportations. Les chaînes des monts Taurus et des monts Zagros forment une sorte de colonne vertébrale du Kurdistan. 1. (10) The growing influence ", "But the origins of the family of Shaykh Safi al-Din go back not to the Hijaz but to Kurdistan, from where, seven generations before him, Firuz Shah Zarin-kulah had migrated to Adharbayjan. They were also massacred after the Ottoman army attacked the caves with cannons and hand grenades. The Laz live in the region bordering on the republic The Ottoman Porte made the decision to then end the autonomous regions of the Eastern portion of the Empire. The most flourishing period of Kurdish power was probably during the 12th century, when the great Saladin, who belonged to the Rawendi branch of the Hadabani (or Adiabene) tribe, founded the Ayyubite (1171–1250) dynasty of Syria, and Kurdish chieftainships were established, not only to the west of the Kurdistan mountains in Syria, but as far away as Egypt and Yemen. Kurds took part in the advance into Hungary and the invasion of Japanese-held Manchuria. of radical labour movement, and by the end of the decade rapidly increasing to save people. extreme right camp. Les Kurdes, qui sont de trente à quarante millions, vivant majoritairement sur le territoire de quatre États‑nations différents (Turquie, Iran, Irak, Syrie), sont la plus grande nation sans État dans le monde. The fascist and religious extreme right, on the other hand, concentrated [121], Unlike in other Kurdish-populated countries, there are very strong ethno-linguistical, historical and cultural ties between Kurds and others as Iranian peoples. [67] Grand Vizier, Murad Pasha, marched against him with a large army in 1607. [93] The Treaty of Sèvres stipulated the creation of an autonomous Kurdish state in 1920, but the subsequent Treaty of Lausanne (1923) failed to mention Kurds. nécessaire]. [123] Mohammad Reza Pahlavi has supposedly praised the Kurds himself as "pure Iranians" or "one of the most noble Iranian peoples". nécessaire]. The city of Aleppo also had Kurdish mosques like al-Zarzari, al-Mihrani, al-Bashnawayin. this block constitutes the most divisive force in Turkey today. people. As a result two powerful Kurdish families rebelled against the Ottomans in 1830. Instead of adherence to the Minor disturbances constantly occurred, and were soon followed by a massacre and rape of Armenians at Sasun by Kurdish nomads and Ottoman troops[76] and other places, 1894–1896. In early June 2010, following a visit to Turkey by one of the PKK leaders, the PKK announced an end to the cease fire,[114] followed by an air attack on several border villages and rebel positions by the Turkish air force. Malgré les réticences du Premier ministre turc et de l'Union européenne, le DTP finit par être dissout le 11 décembre 2009 par la Cour constitutionnelle turque qui le soupçonne d'entretenir des liens proches avec le PKK[34]. The Parachute Company was attached to the Royal Marine Commando and was active in Albania, Italy, Greece, and Cyprus.[85][86]. flirt with Sunni Islam, by 1994 it appeared to have gained considerable The major concentrations of Turkish Alevis used to be found in A körzet népessége 2008-ban 329 011 fő volt, a városé pedig 288 693 fő. Lors des élections législatives de 2007, le DTP compte pour la première fois une vingtaine de députés au Parlement contre 45 pour l'AKP[30]. [118] Instead, the Kurdish area was divided by modern Turkey, Syria and Iraq. of minority cultures had become an important political issue. Le mot « kurde » lui-même est interdit et les Kurdes sont désignés par l'expression « Turcs des montagnes » par des politiciens[44],[45].
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